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Introduction: Purine metabolism involves synthesis and degradation of purine nucleotides. Studies show that intensity of exercise affects the organ systems and their energy sorces and also can impact on precursor sorces for adenosine triphosphate [ATP] biosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to compare two different type of wrestling exercises regarding metabolic efficiency and effectiveness of the purine nucleotide cycle indicator
Materials and Methods: Twenty one subjects division were divided according to weight, into two groups of circuit training, based on wrestling techniques [n=10] and wrestling traditional training [n=11]. After performing functional tests, blood sampling was done before and after of training. The subjects performed circuit method and traditional wrestling exercise four weeks, using six wrestling techniques
Results: Results showed that circuit training based on these wrestling techniques after four weeks showed no significant differences between the two groups in levels of Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase [HGPRT] [P=0.44], Hypoxanthine [HX] [P=0.54] and plasma uric acid [UA] [P=0.51]. Intra-group comparison however revealed that the circular wrestling training and traditional wrestling exercises caused significantly reduced Hypoxanthine values in circuit training [P=0.03] and traditional training [P=0.008], and also showed significant increases in aerobic and mean anaerobic power
Conclusion: Comparison of these two methods of exercise training showed that these methods did not differ and had similar effect on indicators of purine nucleotide cycle. Furthermore the results of this study confirm those of previous studies that sprint training and exercises that use anaerobic energy systems, effectively change purine metabolism and subsequently affected metabolite production
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Introduction: The professional socialization is the process of which the individual gain values, norms, behaviors and social skills relevant to a profession and internalize a sense of identity to a specialized field. Therefore, the process begins at the first step of the nursing education program and continues with completion of nursing education till entering into the work place. Thus, the formation of nursing as a occupation takes place through professional socialization of individuals
Objective: This study is done with the aim of assessment of professional socialization level among nursing students at Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Methods: A cross sectional descriptive analytical approach was adopted. Participants were all nursing students at the faculty of Shahid Beheshti in Rasht. In total 211 students were chosen. Sampling was conducted with census. The instrument used was a Researcher made questionnaire that from the statements contained in the instruments by Shahim, and some of the items offered by Chao et al were given to samples. The data was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics [Independent T test, correlation Pearson coefficient, one way ANOVA, post Hoc Tukey]
Results: The finding of the study showed weak level [0%] and 40 students [19%] were in moderate level and most of the samples [81%] were in good level of professional socialization. In general, professional socialization had a statistically significant relationship with factors such as marital status [p=0.045], age [p=0.029,r=0.151], family residence [p=0.04], maternal education [p=0.023], student work [p=0.031], theoretical instructor [p=0.0001], clinical lecturer [p=0.032], having information about the nursing profession before entering the field [p=0.0001],compliance between previous image and existing realities [p=0.0001 ], interest in the course [p=0.0001]
Conclusion: From the research findings, the level of professional socialization of nursing students is acceptable. Recognition of the professional status can drew authorities' attention to provide opportunities for greater autonomy in practice and systematic holistic nursing care situations
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The pressure in the endotracheal tube cuff must be kept within an optimal range, to make sure tracheal capillaries circulation still stable during positive ventilation. This is essential to avoid oral and gastric stuffing aspiration
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the endotracheal tube cuff pressure and time intervals measurements among intensive care units patients
Methods: This study was cross sectional designed to perform on 61 patients with oral intubation in the intensive care units, Rasht educational therapeutic centers, during the summer of 2013 for three months. A manometer was used to measure the cuff pressure twice every 6 hours interval. Different variables like age, sex, diagnosis, Body Mass Index and days intubated also were measured. All data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics [mean, standard deviation distribution] and inferential statistics [T test, Pearson, ANOVA]
Results: This study indicated that the cuff pressure was normal in 16.4% cases at the first step and after 6 hours, cuff pressure adjustment increased by 78.7%. The results show that correlation between days intubated and cuff pressure [in first evaluation P= 0.002, in second evaluation P=0.01] and BMI [in first evaluation P=0.007, in second evaluation P=0.03 were significant
Conclusion: This study showed that despite of 6 hours cuff pressure control, the range of miss regulation was 21.3%. This issue highlights that to prevent complication due to over and under inflation of cuff, a fewer intervals between cuff pressure control is required
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Assertiveness, is one of the life skills that effects on increasing self-esteem, logical expression of thoughts and feelings, reducing anxiety, improving social communication skills and supporting human rights and finally increasing life satisfaction and happiness
Objective: This study aimed to determine effects of Gestalt therapy on assertiveness of nursing students
Methods: The pilot of study is situated on clinical trial research experiment, for two groups before and after intervention. Among 80 nursing students enrolled in Nursing and Midwifery school of Islamic Azad University Najaf Abad in 2013-2014 who trained in the field, all those who had poor expression were 36 subjects which measured with Adolescence Self-Assertiveness [ASA] scale and 24 subjects who want to enter to the research were separated randomly into experimental and control group. Experimental group consisting of Gestalt therapy, two-hours per session for 8 weeks, were trained. The control group did not receive the interventions. Therefore data analysis performed using the mean scores, paired t- test and intervention
Results: In experimental group, the mean scores of assertiveness after intervention increased significantly [P<0/001]. The mean scores of assertiveness of the control group showed no increase significantly [p=0/4]. Comparison between mean score of assertiveness after and before of intervention in experimental group with control group was significant [p<0/005]
Conclusion: Gestalt therapy is effective on increasing of assertiveness. Thus, according to the results of this research, it may suggest that the methods of psychotherapy could be useful for ineffective components within enactment beliefs
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Introduction: Delirium is the most common neurological diagnosis among patients in intensive care units. The prevalence of delirium in the ICU patients is high and this is associated with many complications. Thus, by assessment and identifying predictive factors of delirium, its incidence can largely be prevented in intensive care units
Objective: This study aims to determine predictive factors of delirium incidence in patients hospitalized in intensive care units
Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytic study which included all patients admitted to intensive care units [neurology, general and trauma] in one of the training centers, Rasht for three months in 2013 without any symptoms and signs of delirium before hospitalization. There was no age limit for selection of samples. At least 24 hours after admission to ICU, with and without mechanical ventilation, ability to see and hear, Persian language, conscious or semi-conscious, not receiving neuromuscular blockers, coma, history of severe nerve damage [such as acute stroke, dementia, aphasia], chronic renal failure, alcohol abuse and drug abuse were the study inclusion criteria. Patients who used painkiller and sedatives during the study were excluded. Thus, samples were selected gradually considering the inclusion criteria. Based on the preliminary results with 20 samples, the study sample size was estimated 81. The tools used in this study were Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale [RASS] and Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit [CAM-ICU]. RASS is the standard tool to assess the level of restlessness and sedation in ICU patients. CAM-ICU examines four main characteristics of delirium; acute change or fluctuations in mental status, lack of concentration, disturbance of consciousness and unorganized thinking. The first part consisted of demographic characteristics including age, sex, Charleson comorbidity index, Acute Physiology Score [APS] in three ranges of 0-9, 10-14-and ?15, white blood cell count, serum total bilirubin, days of mechanical ventilation, and days of ICU stay and hospitalization. Charlson comorbidity index had 19 conditions in which the patient is scored based on its potential impact on mortality rate. APS is the biggest part of APATCH [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation], obtained from 13 clinical evaluations performed 24 hours after ICU admission in which higher scores is indicative of worsening patient's physical condition. The second part consisted of examining the incidence of delirium in which patients were assessed by RASS in terms of level of consciousness. This tool consisted of 10 items, each representing one level of consciousness [of Combative to Unarousable]. To determine RASS, without any interaction, the patient was only observed and if conscious, she was scored 0 to +4. If the patient was unconscious, his/her name was called loudly and asked to look at the researcher. If the patient responded to call, appropriate score [1-3] was assigned. If there was no response, the patient's shoulder was shaken. If no response was observed, his/her sternum was strongly squeezed and appropriate score [4-5] was given. In case of no consciousness level disorder based on RASS, the subjects were assessed by CAM-ICU for examining delirium which took about 3-5 minutes. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics [Fisher and chi-square]. For multivariate analysis of the associated factors with delirium, Backward Logistic Regression model was used. P<0.05 was considered the significance level. The probability of exclusion from the model was considered P< 0.1
Results: 64.2% of the subjects were male and most of them [48.1%] were hospitalized in the general ward. The majority of samples [49.4%] scored 0-9 in terms of APS. Charlson comorbidity index also showed most cases [29.6%] with 1-2 scores. The mean and SD of patients were 50.95 +/- 21.33 years, the maximum tracheal intubation days was 146 days. The maximum duration of ICU stay was 147 days and 150 days in the hospital. Furthermore, the maximum total bilirubin was 4.2 mg dl and the highest number of white blood cells was 29.2000 mg dl. Delirium was observed in 27.2% of samples using CAM-ICU. Delirium distribution was not significant based on qualitative variables; sex, ward and Charlson score whereas APS score which was significant [p=0.048]. Distribution of delirium was significant in terms of age [P=0.06]. However, it was not statistically significant in terms of the number of mechanical ventilation days, hospitalization and ICU stay, total bilirubin and white blood cell count. Based on logistic regression model, age, sex, days of tracheal intubation, ICU and hospitalization days, total bilirubin, white blood cell count, and Charlson index were not predictors of delirium. Only APS [considering the range of 0-9 scores as the reference] in two ranges of 10-14 [P<0.038] and ?15 [P<0.043] were identified as predictors of delirium. Thus, individuals with a score of APS=10-14 [OR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.03-10.71] and APS ?15 [OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.08-16.7] had higher delirium compared to those with APS =0-9
Conclusion: Patients with APS points higher than those with lower scores are more likely to develop delirium
ABSTRACT
Introduction: nursing as a clinical discipline is developing daily in emergency wards and health care system managers should assess and prioritize clinical competence indicators in these wards continuously. Lack of clear clinical competence indicators challenges evaluation
Objective: this study aimed to determine general clinical competence indicators from nurses' viewpoint working in emergency wards
Methods: this is an assessment study using Delphi method in three phases: the first phase [determine the General Clinical competence indicators], Phase II [classifying general clinical competence indicators by members of the expert panel] third phase [prioritizing general clinical competence indicators using exploratory factor analysis] through which 710 nurses were chosen by convenience random sampling working in emergency wards affiliated to Guilan Therapeutic Educational Centers during a two month period. Finally, exploratory factor analysis was used
Results: in prioritizing phase of general clinical competence indicators, five factors statements were classified by the expert panel and provided a structured model in three domains which were divided as communication [10 items], disaster and emergency management [8 items] and personality characteristics [12 items]
Conclusion: a present alternative to reduce the gap between theory and practice in nursing is through determination and prioritization of clinical competence criteria in emergency wards. Factor analysis can be used to prioritize these indicators. Further research in health care system is ed in order to achieve reliable and valid instrument
ABSTRACT
Cisplatin is an anti-cancer drug used in chemotherapy. The side effects of this drug include anoretic, nausea, decrease in genital gland function, azoospermia and oligospermia. Tribulus terrestris has many compounds mostly, that caused antioxidant and protective properties. The purpose of the present study to investigate protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract Tribulus terrestris on cisplatin cytotoxicity on sperm viability and count in mice. Cisplatin and Tribulus terrestris extract were given to 30 mice for a period of 4 days. The mice were weighted and after anesthesia, their epididymis was taken out and sperm viability and sperm count were investigated, Student t-test was applied for the statistical analysis. The results show that cisplatin alone leads to a reduction in body and epididymis weight, and sperm count and sperm viability compared to the control group [p<0.05]. In the group that used cisplatin along with Tribulus terrestris extract, as the dose of extract increased, the body and epididymis weight, sperm count and viability sperm increased in compared to the cisplatin group. It seems, the existing compounds in Tribulus terrestris extract can control active metabolites caused by cisplatin and the destructive effect of this drug. Prescribing Tribulus terrestris extract along with cisplatin can possibly be beneficial and effective due to the anti-oxidant characteristics of Tribulus terrestris and also its effect on reducing harmful metabolites
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cognitive disorders are one of geriatrics outcomes that can cause a vast spectrum of disorders in older people. This change in cognitive function may see as an early sign before behavioral manifestations. Thus early diagnosis in high risk older people can be an important step in prevention in cognitive disorders and disabilities in this population. The purpose of this study is assessment of older people cognitive status based on demographic characteristics
Methods: This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study that was conducted in 1389-1388 in Rasht. 194 older people that retired form governmental organization participate in that and were selected in regular randomized sampling. The instrument for gathering data was Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] that has 5 parts in orientation, data recording, concentration and calculation, remembering and verbal skills. Data were assessed after gathering and were analyzed by SPSS v.16 and Kruskal Valise, Man Whitney U and Spear man statistical test
Results: The findings showed that among 194 older people 70.6 percent were man and 29.4 percent were women. 91 percent of illiteracy older people had normal cognitive status, 7.5 percent of them had mild cognitive disorder and 1.5 percent of them had moderate cognitive disorder. Among graduate persons, 82 percent had normal cognitive status, 17.3 percent had mild cognitive disorder and 0.8 percent had moderate cognitive disorder. Among demographic character [age, sex, marries, education and morbidity] cognitive status has a significant correlation with age [P<0.03], marriage status [P<0.002] and education [P<0.0001]
Conclusion: The study showed that cognitive status assessment by health care professionals can help in detecting the high risk patients and promote their caring. Moreover it can help to potential senilement health care and help to delay in starting and progressing cognitive disorders among older people
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Adjuvant Online! [AOL] is used extensively by oncologists in Iran to treat patients with breast cancer; however, it has never been validated for use in Iran, and its predictions might not be applicable to Iranian patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of this program in predicting the outcomes of Iranian patients with breast cancer
Patients and methods: 368 patients who were treated between 1997 and 2010 at Jorjani Cancer Center entered the study. Data for each patient, including tumor size, number of positive nodes, tumor grade, ER status, and adjuvant systemic therapy, were entered into the AOL program [version 8.0], and the calculated disease free survival [DFS] was compared with the observed one. Analyses were performed using Cox regression modeling and SPSS 17.0 software, and P values < 0.05 were considered significant
Results: Observed disease free survival [DFS] in our study was 72 months, while the calculated DFS by AOL was 68 months. In all subgroups of AOL, calculated DFS was less than observed DFS except for patients receiving Tamoxifen + Aromatase Inhibitors + Ovarian Ablation hormone therapy, for whom the calculated DFS was 2 percent more than the observed one
Conclusion: AOL underestimated overall survival and disease free survival rates in Iranian patients with breast cancer, which in our opinion was mainly due to the shorter period of follow-up in our study. Although AOL is widely used by Iranian oncologists, we believe that developing an Iranian version of a prediction tool would better predict the prognosis of our patients
ABSTRACT
Background: Health behavior is considered as one of the major determinants of health and self-efficacy is an influencing factor in behavior. Self-efficacy is a person's belief over one's abilities for doing a certain behavior
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the self-efficacy of academic staff at Guilan University of Medical Science and its relation with demographic factors
Methods: A total of 203 faculty members at Guilan University of Medical Science participated in this descriptive study in 2008. Data were collected by a two-part questionnaire completed by the study population, and analyzed using independent t-test and one way ANOVA
Findings: The faculty members obtained an overall self-efficacy score of 84/1%. There was a significant relationship between the self-efficacy and both the number of children in family [P=0.05] and the monthly income [P=0.025]
Conclusion: The self-efficacy rate of faculty members was desirable. Regarding the modeling role of academic staff for students, self-efficacy must be considered as an influential factor in health-promoting programs
ABSTRACT
Neonatal mortality is one of the important indices of development for every nation. The first step to promote this index is determining respective causes which are dependent on numerous factors and are not the same in different centers. To determine the causes and risk factors of neonatal mortality in AL-Zahra hospital, Rasht, northern Iran, from 2006 to 2011, according to international coding diseases. This cross sectional retrospective study was conducted on 643 dead neonates among 23796 live births. Sex, birth weight, mode of delivery, gestational age, Apgar score and causes of death were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. The commonest cause of mortality was respiratory distress syndrome [RDS] [61.6%]. The second cause was congenital abnormalities [7.9%]. As revealed, 89/9% of the dead neonates were premature and the remaining ones were term [p=0.0001]. Most of the dead cases had birth weight under 2.5 KG and died in the first 24h after birth. These neonates were born by cesarean section and were with first and fifth apgar scores below 7. [In all the above-mentioned findings P= 0.0001]. Since most dead neonates were premature and with low birth weights, and the most frequent cause of death was RDS, it is necessary to expand prenatal care, NICU and neonatal ward facilities all around the northern province
ABSTRACT
Malnutrition is a clinical disorder and a usual risk factor in older people, that was considered as a natural part of geriatrics process in the past, but nowadays it is found that malnutrition is detectable, preventable and treatable and its early diagnosis can lead us to on time intervention. Thus, older people's nutritional status and detecting its causes can help caregivers to plan and implement appropriate interventions. The aim of this study is nutritional status assessment in the retired senile by some demographic characters in two parts: screening and complementary. This study is a descriptive-cross sectional one on 194 senile retired from governmental organizations who were assessed by simple sampling. In this study, we use a questionnaire consisting of two parts: one part for demographic data and the other called MNA [Minimal Nutrition Assessment] that has 18 items and two parts: screening and complementary parts. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using statistical tests including Krauskal Wallis, Man Whitney and Spierman. Findings showed that 87.1 percent of the participants had normal nutrition and 12.9 percent of them had probable malnutrition and 4 percent were with malnutrition. Among the demographic factors [age, sex, marital status, educational status, income and co morbidity], nutrition was found to be related to sex [0/002] and income [p<0.013] significantly. Thus, the normal nutritional status was high in female older people and in senile with higher income. Considering the high probability of malnutrition demonstrated in this study, it is necessary for the clinicians and authorities to receive related education and become aware of this issue and respective consequences. Also, it is necessary to implement plans and programs to relieve poverty as a main risk factor in malnutrition
ABSTRACT
Nowadays in many parts of the world, obesity and overweight problems in children is considered essential. Overweight in childhood has been known as a factor affecting on the overweight in adult ages and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma and diabetes. Considering of the risky role of increasing of weight for children's health, researchers aimed to determine the relationship between breastfeeding and Body Mass Index in primary school children of Rasht/Iran. This was a case-control study which after obtaining the necessary licenses was performed in 8 primary schools of Rasht. 320 samples including 80 in case group [BMI>85th percentile for age and sex] and 240 in control group [BMI=5th to 85th percentile for age and sex] were selected. Data gathering tool were questionnaire, scales and tape meter. Finally, data were analyzed statistically by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of total duration of breastfeeding in case group were 19.02 +/- 9.14 and in control group were 19.36 +/- 8.66, and there was no significant difference between these means. On the other hand, 82.5 percent of the samples in case group and 92.9 percent in control group had exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months and it showed significant difference [P=0.024]. The mean and standard deviation of meals frequency, duration of television watching, sleep duration of day and night and start time for complementary feeding in case and control group showed no significant statistical difference. In this study, the average of duration of breastfeeding [up to 2 years and more] in overweight and obese group was lower than the average in group with normal weight, but this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the percent of children that had exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months in normal weight group was significantly more than overweight and obese children. In other words, this study showed that exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months after birth can be associated with reducing overweight and obesity in primary school children. On this basis, we can probably help to prevent overweight and obesity in children in the future by teaching more and more accurate about exclusive breastfeeding for parents, especially mothers and health care providers
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The relationship between population health and income inequality has attracted much attention during the last two decades. But the question on which there is no consensus is that whether fluctuations in economic inequality would lead to changes in population health indices. In response to this question, life expectancy and mortality rate as health indicators and Gini coefficient of inequality were used. A cross sectional data was used to survey the relationship between income inequality and population health over a period of 12 years [1995-2007] in 125 countries. There was no significant relationship between inequality and population health when panel data method was used and the heterogeneity and unobservable differences among countries in the form of fixed effects were considered. An income increase would enhance life expectancy and decrease mortality rate. Contrary to the findings of many studies using time series data, it appears that there is no significant relationship between inequality and health indicators
Subject(s)
Healthcare Disparities/organization & administration , Mortality/trends , Life Expectancy , Population , Economics , Socioeconomic Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Life ExpectancyABSTRACT
Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. The purpose of this study was to clarify the possible mechanisms of resistance training in energy homeostasis and weight control. Twenty-seven female college students, age 22 +/- 1.54 yr, and body mass index 20.76 +/- 1.86 kg/m2 [mean +/- SE] were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Subjects performed circuit-resistance training protocol with 40% and 80% 1 RM for 4 weeks. Circulating levels of total ghrelin, obestatin, ghrelin to obestatin ratio and glucose were measured before and after 4 weeks intervention for all subjects. One-way ANOVA revealed a higher and significant [P<0.05] post- training change in circulating levels of ghrelin to obestatin ratio as well as plasma obestatin concentrations significantly decreased [P<0.05] in the 80% IRM group. It seems that resistance training-induced energy deficit in the 80% IRM group resulted that ghrelin precursor goes to the production of ghrelin. Thus, obestatin secretion is reduced and ghrelin to obestatin ratio is increased to stimulate food intake behavior, compensating for lost energy sources and eventually restoring the body's energy balance
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Ghrelin/blood , Energy Metabolism , Body WeightABSTRACT
Obestatin, a peptide which is encoded by the same preproghrelin gene as Ghrelin, conveys information concerning the nutritional status and/or the energy stores to the central nervous system. In obese populations, circulating levels of the peptide are altered. Ghrelin, mostly acting through the GH secretagogue receptor GHS-R, is a potent GH secretagogue, an orexigenic peptide and a long-term regulator of energy homeostasis. Obestatin was described for its anorexigenic effects and it's binding to GPR39. However recent studies do not support the role of obestatin/GPR39 system in the regulation of energy balance. Because exercise training improves the health status of obese individuals and is associated with reduction of body weight, there is growing interest in the effects of exercise on obestatin and whether this peptide may provide better understanding of how exercise improves health. Obestatin levels do not increase in response to acute exercise, and therefore obestatin does not appear to regulate growth hormone [GH] release during exercise. There is some evidence that obestatin levels do not change in plasma following resistance exercise with higher GH concentrations during exercise and decreases in tissues following chronic exercise but not in plasma. This review is focuses on obestatin, by first summarizing it function and it relationship with hormonal and metabolic changes that affect energy balance, and then discussing the effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasma and tissues obestatin concentrations, and the potential mechanisms involved
Subject(s)
Humans , Energy Metabolism , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
Irritable Bowel Syndrome [IBS] is the most common gastrointestinal disorder in clinical medicine, since it is not founded biological basis for it, role of psychological causes is investigated in creation of it. To compare the personality characteristics between three groups of patients with Diarrhea dominant, Constipation dominant and dominant of Altering type and investigating the gender, family background of IBS and length of illness. Eighty five patients were selected through temporal classical random method and included of 21 patients with Diarrhea dominant, 30 patients with Constipation dominant and 340 patient with Altering type]. Patients were diagnosed by a gastroenterologist and using the ROME criteria after clinical evaluation and endoscopy. Personality inventory [NEOPI-R] made by Mc Crue and Kosta containing big five personality factors was used for investigating the samples personality characteristics. Demographic characteristics and other groups were recognized by question made at the first of main questionnaire. The groups eperated of each other. Analysis of data indicated that there were no significantly differences between the personality characterisrics in three groups of patients. Extraversion was significantly higher in patients with family background of IBS and patients who had IBS more than six mounth and had reported stress gained higher score at neuroticism in comparison with patients who had IBS less than 6 month and had not report stress. Psychological factors participated at quality of illness experience. Neuroticism may be correlated with quality of illness experience [with stress and high length of illness]. Thus personality characteristics should be considred as an important factor in improvement of IBS patients by psychiatrics and specialists
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/psychology , Personality , Sex Factors , Random Allocation , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The Thyroidea Ima artery [The artery of Neubauer], was recognized and described by Neubauer in 1786. This artery which was described in the all anatomical textbooks may arise from the arch of aorta, brachiocephalic trunk or other arteries in the upper mediastina. It is considered as a compensatory artery when the other thyroidal vessels showed deficiencies. This artery showed greatly variation in size and gave some anastomotic branches to the thymic artery. The thymic artery arised from the anterior mediastinal branch of the internal thoracic artery but, may also arise from the brachiocephalic trunk, arch of aorta, common carotid or the main trunk of the internal thoracic artery. Its origin from the thyroidea ima is rare. This rare case was seen in a 65 years old male cadaver, the common trunk of the thyroida ima and the thymic arteries originated from the brachiocephalic artery. After a short course it divided into two branches: an ascending [thyroida ima] and descending [thymic] branches. The thyroidea ima artery turned to left and upward to the lower border of the isthmus of thyroid gland. At this point it sent a branch to the lower part of the left lobe of the thyroid which penetrated it deeply and ended in the left inferior parathyroid gland. The main branch continued its course upward to the upper border of the thyroidal isthmus and divided into right and left branches. Each of these branches, after sending a great anastomotic branch to the superior thyroidal artery of their own side, terminated as several small branches in the upper part of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland. The thymic artery continued its course downward for about three centimeters and ended as two branches in the right and left lobes of thymus. The thyroid gland of this cadaver was larger than the normal ones and the thymus was also clearly noticeable with right and left bobs. According to the embryonic origin and the developmental processes of the inferior parathyroid glands and the Thymus from the neighboring pharyngeal pouches, their blood supply from a common trunk will be acceptable especially when these two glands show some degree of enlargement as shown in this case. In the cases of thyroidectomies, when a surgeon is going to resect an enlarged thyroid gland, the presence of thyroidea ima artery and its branches to the lower part of lobes of thyroid gland would be a useful guidance to identify the inferior parathyroid glands an save them for the prevention of the next hypocalcemia
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Arteries/anatomy & histology , Thymus Gland/blood supply , Thyroid Gland/blood supply , Hypocalcemia/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide secreted from stomach mucosa, affects feeding behavior and plays an important role in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Ample evidence indicates that resistance exercise is a key component of exercise recommendations for weight control. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of resistance training [4 weeks] on resting levels of plasma ghrelin, glucose, insulin and estrogen. Twenty-seven female college students, aged 221 +/- 1.54 years, height 162.66 +/- 5.05 cm, BMI 20.76 +/- 1.86 kg/m[2] and fat percent 20.95 +/- 2.08% [means +/- SE] were randomized into two, the experimental [40% and 80% 1RM] and the control groups. Subjects performed circuit-resistance exercise protocol with 40% and 80% 1RM, 4 d/wk for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and 48 hours after the training program. One-way ANOVA revealed that although no significant differences were observed in circulating levels of plasma total ghrelin [P=0.88], glucose [P=0.1] and insulin [P=0.66] in the experimental group when compared to the control group, a significant negative correlation [R=-0.4, P=0.05] was found between plasma estrogen and total ghrelin levels. It seems that because of a non significant increase in plasma ghrelin levels in the present study, there was no weight change of subjects during the training program and the short duration of the training program. However, the total ghrelin sub-fractions, acylated and non acylated, may have changed
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Resistance Training , Weight Loss , Random Allocation , Case-Control Studies , Estrogens/bloodABSTRACT
Ghrelin, produced and secreted mainly from the stomach, is a potent stimulator of growth hormone, appetite, and plays a role in energy balance control. There is increased risk of metabolic syndrome with increased LDL-C and TC levels and decreased HDL-C, with lower ghrelin concentrations. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different 8-week endurance training regimens on HDL-Ghrelin. Thirty Wistar male rats, 6-8 weeks of age, were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 10 rats, including two training groups with either 30 or 90 min of exercise, and a control group. Experimental groups were trained for 8 weeks, 5 days per week at 20m/min for 30 or 90 min. Rats were sacrificed 72 h after the last training session and plasma samples were collected for determining HDL-Ghrelin, HDL-C, HDL-2, HDL3, TG and TC. Analysis was performed using ANOVA and LSD post-hoc test, SPSS 16, at the alpha level of 0.05. Ghrelin concentration paralleled HDL-Ghrelin changes. There was no difference in HDLGhrelin between groups. Despite reduction of TC in the training groups, no significant relationship was observed between HDL-Ghrelin and HDL2, HDL3, TG and TC. This study showed that isolated HDL contained Ghrelin. In addition, the 8 weeks endurance training of different durations had no correlation with HDL-Ghrelin and lipid profiles. Further studies to confirm these findings are warranted